Policy domain

Transport

Schemes that reshape how people and goods move — bus reform, rail investment, active travel, traffic management and freight — evaluated once journey, safety and emissions data have had time to reflect bedding-in.

Typical interventions

LTNs, bus franchising, station upgrades, cycling corridors, parking policy, freight routes.

Official data

DfT, ORR, local traffic counts, collision stats, air quality monitoring, Census commuting flows.

Bedding-in horizon

Often 12–36 months for modal shift; longer for health-related air quality and activity outcomes.

Health proof questions

Did active travel or public transport use rise in target corridors?
Did injuries to pedestrians and cyclists change as claimed?
Did NO₂ or PM₂.₅ exposures shift for populations near the scheme?

Equity proof questions

Did reliability improvements reach lower-income areas and shift workers?
Who could access jobs and training — and who faced new journey burdens?
Did forums report safety or affordability concerns absent from the data?